Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000

Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000

The Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000 is a sophisticated analytical instrument that harnesses the power of fluorescence to investigate the molecular composition and properties of various substances. This technique relies on the phenomenon of fluorescence, where a molecule absorbs light at a specific wavelength (excitation) and subsequently emits light at a longer wavelength (emission). By analyzing the emitted light, researchers can gain valuable insights into the structure, dynamics, and interactions of molecules. Fluorescence spectrophotometry finds applications in diverse fields, including biochemistry, biophysics, analytical chemistry, environmental science, and materials science. Principles of Fluorescence: Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000 Fluorescence occurs when a molecule absorbs a photon of light, causing an electron to transition from its ground state to a higher energy excited state. The excited electron then returns to the ground state, releasing the absorbed energy as a photon of light. The emitted light is typically of a longer wavelength (lower energy) than the excitation light due to energy loss through vibrational relaxation and other non-radiative processes. Components of a Fluorescence Spectrophotometer: A Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000 consists of several key components:

• Excitation Source: The excitation source provides the light used to excite the sample. Common excitation sources include xenon lamps, lasers, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Xenon lamps offer a broad emission spectrum, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. Lasers provide high-intensity monochromatic light, ideal for specific excitation wavelengths. LEDs are compact and energy-efficient, suitable for portable or dedicated instruments.
• Excitation Monochromator: The excitation monochromator selects the desired excitation wavelength from the light source. It typically uses a diffraction grating or prism to disperse the light and isolate the specific wavelength needed for the experiment.
• Sample Compartment: The sample compartment holds the sample being analyzed. It is designed to minimize stray light and ensure accurate measurements. Various sample holders are available, including cuvettes, microplates, and flow cells, depending on the sample type and experimental setup.
• Emission Monochromator: The emission monochromator selects the emitted light from the sample at a specific wavelength. Like the excitation monochromator, it uses a diffraction grating or prism to disperse the light and isolate the desired wavelength.
• Detector: The detector measures the intensity of the emitted light. Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are commonly used detectors due to their high sensitivity and low noise. Other detectors, such as charge-coupled devices (CCDs), are also employed in some instruments.
• Data Acquisition and Analysis System: The data acquisition and analysis system records the detector signal and converts it into a usable format. Software is used to control the instrument, process the data, and generate spectra or other relevant information.

Types of Fluorescence Measurements: Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000 can perform various types of measurements:

• Excitation Spectra: Excitation spectra are obtained by scanning the excitation wavelength while holding the emission wavelength constant. They provide information about the wavelengths of light that effectively excite the sample.
• Emission Spectra: Emission spectra are obtained by scanning the emission wavelength while holding the excitation wavelength constant. They provide information about the wavelengths of light emitted by the sample.
• Synchronous Spectra: Synchronous spectra are obtained by scanning both the excitation and emission wavelengths simultaneously, maintaining a constant wavelength offset between them. This technique can enhance spectral resolution and reduce background interference.
• Time-Resolved Fluorescence: Time-resolved fluorescence measurements analyze the decay of fluorescence intensity over time. This technique provides information about the excited state lifetime of the fluorophore and can be used to study molecular dynamics and interactions.

Applications of Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000: Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000 finds applications in a wide range of fields:

• Biochemistry and Biophysics: Studying protein structure and dynamics, DNA sequencing, enzyme kinetics, and cell imaging.
• Analytical Chemistry: Quantifying trace amounts of substances, detecting impurities, and characterizing materials.
• Environmental Science: Monitoring pollutants, studying water quality, and analyzing environmental samples.
• Materials Science: Characterizing fluorescent materials, studying polymer properties, and developing new sensors.
• Pharmaceutical Research: Drug discovery, drug development, and quality control of pharmaceutical products.

In conclusion Fluorescence Spectrophotometer SKY-4000, the fluorescence spectrophotometer is a powerful analytical tool that provides valuable insights into the molecular world. Its ability to measure the emitted light from fluorescent molecules allows researchers to study a wide range of phenomena, from protein folding to environmental pollution. With its versatility and sensitivity, fluorescence spectrophotometry continues to play a crucial role in advancing scientific knowledge and technological innovation.

Performance Index of the Instrument (Specifications)

Feature	Specification
Excitation light source	High brightness LED
Excitation LED	250nm ~ 600nm (LED)
	EX wavelength standard set: 365nm, 376nm, 392nm, 405nm
Emission monochromator	C-T configuration diffraction grating monochromator<br>Emission wavelength range (EM): 200nm ~ 650nm, Bandwidth: 10nm<br>(Extend the monochromator to Em200-900 is optional.)
	Emission wavelength accuracy: ± 1nm
	Emission wavelength reproducibility: ≤ 0.5nm
S/N ratio	S/N≥90 (Using 1cm quartz sample cell, measure the signal noise ratio of Raman spectrum of water)
Detection limit	1 x 10<sup>-10</sup> g/ml quinine sulfate solution
Linearity (γ)	≥0.995
Repetitive peak intensity	<1.5%
Zero drift	≤0.3 (within 10min)
Upper limit change of<br>indicating value	≤1.5% (Within 10 minutes) (displaying value≥50)
Power type	220V±22V ; 110V±22V
Dimensions	442 × 392 × 250 (mm)
Weight	Net weight 10kg<br>Gross weight 12kg